CMA Bibliographies: Annotated Anthropology Bibliography

Agar, M. (1983). "Microcomputers as field tools." Computers and the Humanities 17: 19
"In this article, Agar attempts to argue what one needs in a computer for using it "in the field" for qualitative analysis. Clearly, this one's painfully dated. Agar argues that in order to do this, social scientists "also have to be programmers" and that in order to be able to code data and retrieve it by categories, they need a minimum RAM of 48K. (My Commodore 64 in junior high would have fit the bill, I suppose.) Nonetheless, Agar makes a convincing case for how the computer improves the efficiency of the ethnographer without interfering with "ethnographic rapport," and strongly suggests that researchers should take computers with them into the field rather than bringing back reams of hand-written notes to computer labs back home, since "data elimination" can be done right away." --Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, C. L. (1996). "Virtual Identities: The Social Construction of Cybered Selves (Internet, Electronic Mail, Multiple User Dimension, Object Oriented, Hypercontextuality, Multiple Personae)." 433
This theoretical and empirical project explores emerging practices of self-presentation and communication in a type of Internet system called a '$/rm/underline[MOO]$' (Multiple User Dimension, Object Oriented). MOO interactions are text-based and keyed to spatial simulations and persistent virtual objects. Seven dimensions for conceptualizing identity from psychology, sociology, philosophy and literary studies provided initial theoretical frameworks. Theories about the social construction of identity were emphasized. Theoretical extensions included defining four 'virtual parameters'--ways that MOOs differ from offline contexts in ways significant for the creation and use of virtual identities. 'Experiential fields' were defined as specific complexes of social and material response where participants could experiment with a range of 'imaginative identity resources.' Beginning with contemporary theory and practice in anthropology and rhetoric, the methodology was keyed to the distinctive challenges of cyberspace research and the topical goals of this study. Methods included 'ethnographies of the particular' and rhetorical analyses of 'identity texts' crafted by participants. Assessing the challenges of Internet research, including researcher and reader positionality, led to the figure of the 'ethnographer-as-tour-guide.' Detailed longitudinal studies of four participants are presented. Ethnographies focus on motives for and uses of identity texts, sense-making about virtual identities in MOO communication, negotiations of MOO experiences with offline lives, and the 'theories of self' used by participants. Particular attention was paid to the 'experiential fields' that participants constructed and used. Virtual parameters often contributed to the sense that MOOs were 'liminal' experiential fields where everyday values and practices were suspended. Negotiating borders between liminal and everyday activities was often experienced as deeply problematic by participants. Virtual identities were seen to be dynamically shaped by the social responses encountered in MOOs ('virtual surplus') that often offered participants surprising perspectives on themselves. In conclusion, MOOs facilitate novel modes of self-presentation, including the development of multiple personae comprising diverse 'imaginative identity resources' gleaned from personal experience, literature, history and media sources. Equally important, MOOs offer participants 'hypercontextuality'--an amplified ability to create and select social and material contexts for identity experimentation.

Allwood, C. M. and D. Hakken (n.d.). Deconstructing “use”: Problems of diverseness ib discourses on “Users” and “Usability” in information system development and reconstructing a viable use discourse. Draft MS; for submission to AI & Society.

Anderson, R. E. B., Edward E. Jr. (1990). Computer Applications in the Social Sciences. Philadelphia, Temple University Press
This book is certainly valuable in its own right, discussing everything from computer literacy for the social sciences to using "expert system" artificial intelligence and creating computer models of complex social institutions. However, anthropologists interested in doing content analysis will particularly appreciate Chapter 13, "Analyzing Text," which discusses content analysis, qualitative research methods, and comprehension of "natural languages" (i.e. the ones that people, rather than computers, speak.) It has an excellent discussion of some of the computer text dictionaries and software packages available, though it really doesn't help rank them according to their relative merits and flaws. --Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, J. W. (1995). 'Cybarities,’ Knowledge workers & new creoles on the information superhighway. Paper presented to the AAA/CRA workshop on Culture, Society, and Advanced Information Technology, Washington, D.C.

Ardevol, E. (2002). "Teaching Anthropology Virtually: Learning Communities at Work." Anthropology in action 9(2): 32-42

Balaban, V. (1999). "The Virgin Mary, the Apocalypse, and the Internet: A cognitive linguistic analysis of discourse at a Marian apparition site." 131
This project is an interdisciplinary study that combines cognitive approaches to psychology, linguistics, anthropology and religious studies to study the syntactic and semantic encoding of agency in discourse. The discourse in this case are accounts of traditional signs and divine encounters gathered from pilgrims at a Marian apparition site in Conyers, Georgia; and from an electronic mailing list, the Apparitions-List (APAR-L), devoted to discussing believers' experiences with the Virgin Mary. It was hypothesized that when describing their encounters with the supernatural, pilgrims will adopt a strategy of reducing their own agency in the event described, while the same time emphasizing the source and reliability of their knowledge. Pilgrims' narratives were coded for five different linguistic devices that English speakers can use to reduce speaker agency and mark the source and reliability of knowledge: (1) perceptual metaphors for knowledge, (2) modals, (3) passive constructions, (4) modification of sentence subjects and agents, and (5) framing devices. Two comparisons were conducted to test whether these linguistic devices occurred in particular patterns that were indicative of their discourse function. The comparisons were (1) between autobiographical narratives of religious and secular experiences; and (2) between elicited and non-elicited narratives of religious experiences. The length of narratives, purpose of communication, frequency and type of reported miracles, presence of “forbidden” divine entities, and use of more or less complete pilgrimage scripts, all varied between groups. An analysis of linguistic devices that reduce agency shows that in spite of the structural differences between the different groups of narratives, those aspects of pilgrims' underlying models of self and agency that are evoked when recounting secular and religious experiences do not appear to vary greatly. This could represent a consistent strategy for reduction of agency that pilgrims use across various contexts of communication, but this cannot be determined without a control group of subjects who do not subscribe to the same religious beliefs as the Conyers pilgrims. Follow-up studies are proposed and implications for further studies of language and of religious groups are discussed.

Barkin, G. and G. D. Stone (2000). "Anthropology: Blurring the Lines and Moving the Camera--The Beginnings of Web-Based Scholarship in Anthropology." Social Science Computer Review 18(2): 125-131
A survey of anthropology projects on the web finds little overall evolution of the field's scholarly products to capitalize on the medium's potential. However, a few of the most recent innovations appear to provide a glimpse of changes soon to come. Several new forms of nonrefereed scholarship have appeared, and an important theme running through them is the blurring of conventional boundaries. Within the refereed literature, few journals have ventured beyond the delivery of facsimile journal pages in portable document format (PDF) files. An important exception is the just-published online version of Current Anthropology, which offers numerous enhancements possible only through the web.

Bastian, M. L. (1999). "Nationalism in a Virtual Space: Immigrant Nigerians on the Internet." West Africa Review 1(1).http://www.westafricareview.com/war/vol1.1/bastian.html

Bastian, M. L. and J. L. Parpart (1999). Great ideas for teaching about Africa. Boulder, Lynne Rienner
"Some of the best college and university teachers in the field describe projects and assignments that have worked effectively for them in teaching African studies in a variety of disciplines." "The authors present a wide range of approaches: from preparing African cuisines as a way to understand people-environment relations to using the Internet to develop a virtual art history exhibit; from viewing an African film or assigning a novel to broaden students' grasp of social context to challenging students to draft their own development projects in order to better appreciate village-level society and economy. Six chapters are devoted to ways of handling such particularly sensitive subjects as ethnicity in Africa, the slave trade, AIDS, and female genital mutilation."--BOOK JACKET.

Bell, D. and B. M. Kennedy (2000). The cybercultures reader. London ; New York, Routledge

Benschop, A. (1997). Anthropology of the Internet: Building Blocks of a CyberAnthropology.http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/sociosite/websoc/anthropology.html

Bentley, M. (1997). Companion to historiography. London ; New York, Routledge

Bernard, H. R. E., Michael J. (1983). "New microcomputer techniques for anthropologists." Human Organization 42: 182
In this short article, Bernard and Evans attempt to bring some "new" computer applications to the awareness of their applied anthropology colleagues. While their discussion of new statistical analysis packages and word processors that handle foreign language alphabets is undeniably helpful, anthropologists interested in content analysis will be most interested in the part of the article that discusses a "new" software package for coding and editing field notes on "memory-limited microcomputers" using a "database management system" approach. ----Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bhate, A. (2001). "Objective modeling of culture." 253.http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3010766
This dissertation is first about Objective Modeling of culture, and subsequently, about Objective Modeling of Organizational Culture. It connects the modeling technique used in Information Technology to the Management of Organizations, specifically, their Culture. To begin with, a detailed review of Culture, as studied in the field of Anthropology is presented. Problems faced today by Cultural Anthropology are discussed. It is claimed that the technique of Objective Modeling can provide a way towards solving these problems. A detailed discussion of Objective Modeling follows. This includes the concept of layered architecture, object classes, object meta-models, and contracts. New types of the following are developed and presented: (a)&nbsp;new object-relationships, (b)&nbsp;new meta-models, and (c)&nbsp;new types of contracts. Then, how to apply the modeling technique to culture in general (culture-at-large) is shown by breaking-up culture into five fundamental perspectives, which are further broken into 20 constitutive component classes. Each one of these components is a class of object classes. This leads to a <italic>Thick Description </italic> of Culture, useful to both, anthropologists and managers. Further, a 7 component meta-model for Organizational Culture is developed and the relationship between these 7 components and the 20 components of culture-at-large is established. Using these meta-models, new meta-models for IT systems in industrial corporations are developed and the changes brought by the <italic> culture of the internet</italic> are considered. Consequent changes brought by these in turn, into the culture of Corporate Management are then considered, and the utility and efficacy of Objective Modeling in the management process are shown. Finally, a practical example of modeling IT in manufacturing industry is presented.

Bird, S. E. (1999). "Chatting on Cynthia's Porch: Building Community in an Internet Fan Culture." Southern Communication Journal 65(1): 49-65

Bird, S. E. and J. Barber (2002). Constructing a virtual ethnography. Doing Cultural Anthropology: Projects for Ethnographic Data Collection. M. Angrosino. Prospect Heights, IL, Waveland: 129-139

Bird, S. E. J., J. (2002). Extending the school day: Gender, class and the Incorporation of technology in everyday Life. Women and Everyday Uses of the Internet: Agency and Identity. M. P. Consalvo, S. New York, Peter Lang: 255-74

Bird, S. E. (2003). Piecing A Cyber-Quilt: Media Fans in an Electronic Community. The Audience in Everyday Life: Living in a Media World. S. E. Bird. New York and London, Routledge: 51-85
#4

Blomberg, J. and L. Suchman (1992). Field studies of work and co-design. Paper presented to PDC’92, The Participatory Design Conference, Cambridge, MA

Blomberg, J. (1996). "Designing Cyberian Landscapes." Social Science Computer Review 14(1)

Bodin, J. S. (1998). "Proximate human contact through the Internet: A technography of an intercultural global electronic learning network, I*EARN (International Education and Resource Network)."
This qualitative study investigated 20 participants who were involved with the Internet-based intercultural global electronic learning network, I*EARN (International Education And Resource Network). Participants were selected through a &ldquo;snowball effect,&rdquo; in which key informants referred other participants who, in turn, referred other participants, etc. Three participants groups were investigated; teachers, students and others (which included I*EARN administration, and state and district technology directors). Three sites we're selected and named accordingly to insure confidentiality: the Yucca site, the Province site, and the Other site (which included participants from the I*EARN administration as wen as the state and district technology directors). Data was collected through a variety of sources including e-mail, land-mail, face-to-face tape recorded interviews, lumaphone (speaker-phone with digitized video image), tape recorded interviews, researcher's reflective journaling, I*EARN publications, and I*EARN web pages. Because this research study followed the precepts of ethnographic methodology and data analysis, it was termed an educational &ldquo;technography&rdquo;&mdash;an ethnographic study of a technological phenomenon. This technographic method was derived from an emerging field of contemporary social science inquiry called science and technology studies (STS) which had its roots in social/cultural anthropology (Hess. 1992). Through data analysis of emergent themes, research findings indicated the following: (1) I*EARN provided an example of how classroom settings could use electronically enhanced learning environments to develop proximate human relationships on a global scale through intercultural communication exchanges between students as part of curriculum-based project collaboration. (2) Traditional pedagogical practices which prevailed within the schools ultimately resisted and subverted attempts to expand technology beyond classroom walls. (3) Teachers and students who were able to have successful experiences with the I*EARN program indicated an increased awareness of global issues that they were able to directly address through the I*EARN projects. They also indicated an increased sense of empowerment through direct involvement. (4) The phenomenon of electronic learning environments as part of traditional classroom pedagogy suggested the need for a paradigm shift toward transformational pedagogy. This shift would maximize opportunities for intercultural understanding through curricular telecommunication exchanges.

Bradshaw, G. W. (1997). "Collective expressions and negotiated structures: The Grateful Dead in American culture, 1965-1995." 480
For thirty years the Grateful Dead served as a matrix of cultural expression and a structured environment for social interaction in American culture. Understanding the Grateful Dead entails not only an appreciation for the musical dimensions of their performance, but must include an understanding of the historical context of cultural change in American society in the late twentieth century. This examination broaches a dialectically complex understanding of these transformations through ethnography, historical research, and ethnologic analysis. As expressive culture, the Grateful Dead served as a means by which organic intellectual discourses critical of contemporary modernity and late capitalism could be articulated and reproduced within American society and culture. As a history of subaltern discourses, this project traces the reproduction and transformation of folk knowledge and critical theory in the United States. As a negotiated social structural space, the Grateful Dead served as a critical 'site' within which ideas and goods could be exchanged and fans could gather. Through such negotiated intellectual and physical territory, fans developed their own sense of lifestyle, culture, and identity. Based on active data collection since 1989, this work integrates survey research, interviews, oral histories, textual and historical documents, Internet discussions, photography, and fieldwork experience. This use of multiple forms of qualitative data is a deliberate attempt to enhance the depth or 'thickness' of ethnographic representation through data triangulation. Lastly, although developed within the framework of the discipline of Anthropology, this work has been conducted in light of the belief that good research should not be limited by disciplinary bounds. Sociology, Communication, History, Art, and Critical Philosophy have all played equal roles in shaping this project of social inquiry.

Brown, M. F. (2003). "Weaving a Book into the Web." Anthropology News 44(8): 21

Capone, S. (1999). Les Dieux sur le Net, L’essor des religions. L’Homme, No 151.: 47-74
Translation by cyberanthropology.org·

Carter, D. M. (2002). "Cyberethnography: the anthropology of new places." Anthropology in action 9(3): 34-5

Cartmill, M. (2000). "A view on the science: physical anthropology at the millennium." American journal of physical anthropology 113(2): 145-9

Christensen, N. B. (1998). Inuit in Cyberspace: Practising and Constructing Computer-mediated Space. 3rd annual Research Excellence Competition, Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS).http://www.nbc.brygge.dk/arcus.html

Christensen, N. B. (1998). Inuit in Cyberspace: Perspectives on Arctic Users Networking Between Past and Future. 11th Inuit Studies Conference (ISC), Nuuk, Greenland.

Christensen, N. B. (1999). Distance Education and Information Technology in Greenland: Some Considerations on the Theoretical Approach. Canada, Circumpolar Arctic Social Science Ph.D. Network
Abstract: This paper discusses the visions of networked distance education in Greenland through a conceptional analysis of cyberspace. The visionaries behind networked distance education often configure their perspectives with abstract ideas of a boundary-free cyberspace; a space where physical and local boundaries are, if not redundant, the less visible. Yet, the actual users of distance education, who sometimes live in local communities on the physical periphery of Greenlandic society, relate their use to the practicalities of an everyday reality that is deeply embedded in the identification of local boundaries - sociallly as well as physically. Thus, practitioners and visionaries often conceptualize the meaning of networked distance education in regard to different measures of time and space: visionaries debate the phenomena in regard to its future as part of a global computer-mediated space, while practitioners use it in regard to the diverse practicalities of local and personal livelihood. This paper discusses the discrepancies that emerge from these different approaches. It focuses on the conceptional understanding of cyberspace, taking into account the visions for networked distance education and the socio-cultural reality of local communities that students are embedded in.

Christensen, N. B. (1999). Inuit in Cyberspace: Embedding Off-line Identity and Culture On-line. Dept. of Eskimology. Denmark, University of Copenhagen

Christensen, N. B. (1999). (Re)producing Inuit Social Boundaries on the World Wide Web. 5th Circumpolar Universities Conference (CUA), Aberdeen, Scotland
Abstract: With an anlysis of Inuit web pages on the World Wide Web the paper provides examples of how social boundaries are maintained through computer-mediated communication. The ideological outsets created by Gibson and Barlow suggest that cyberspace is a non-space; a space without boundaries, of unthinkable complexity and with no cultural differences. In opposition to this ideological stand, the paper argues that social groups, represented on the web, are not necessarily created and bound to a social originate or depend on an online vacuum to assert their social organization, but can just as well stem from social groups in physical space. It draws upon web pages with an affiliation to Canadian Inuit who are among the ones in the circumpolar Arctic to (re)produce their offline boundaries online. Although Inuit are not always the direct producers of the web pages, these pages, nevertheless, often represent Inuit identities rather than vacuum identity as in Gibsonian cyberspace. The web pages are linked to each other and designed in ways that define, (re)produce and maintain the social and cultural boundaries of Inuit on the web.

Christensen, N. B. (2000). "Allaqatissaat! Indigenous to the Internet." Yumtzilob 12(3-4): 419-434.

Christensen, N. B. (2000). "Kalaaliussuseq fra Aappilattoq til San José: grønlandskhed oplevet igennem internettet." Tidsskriftet Grønland 5: 173-179.http://www.tidsskriftetgronland.dk/index_uk.php

Christensen, N. B. (2000). Locality beyond locality: Embedding Greenlandic Identities on the Web. Community Viability, Rapid Change and Socio-Ecological Futures: Papers from the Conference on Societies in the Vestnorden Area: 140-154

Christensen, N. B. (2003). Embedding Offline Identities Online. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press.http://www.mtp.dk/catalogue?m=bi&id=684
Inuit are often stigmatized as happy hunter-gatherers or sad victims of (post)modernity. A simplification that is inextricably linked to a supposed, but nevertheless misunderstood, conflict between indigenousness on one hand and wage economy and modern technology on the other: such as it was done in the anti-sealing campaigns of the 1980s. Even though Inuit identities and cultures are often thought of in a museological context by outsiders, and thus find little room for contemporary negotiation, their contents and dynamics are subject to constant change, and have always been so.

In this cyber-ethnography, Neil Blair Christensen explores the processes by which a wide selection of personal, local, cultural and national identities are expressed and understood on the Internet. The different Inuit peoples of the circumpolar Arctic have always taken active part in the world, but their contemporary use of Internet(s) has affected even more their relative isolation - one that comes from living in a peripheral region of the world. Yet, Inuit and others are constructing web pages with social and physical references that sustain an imagined Arctic remoteness; a logic that seems to be a key aspect of Inuit identities and cultures.

The book brings together in analysis and discussion the realities of contemporary Inuit, the myth of cyberspace and a selection of dynamic strategies for identification. It concludes that Inuit dynamically remain Inuit, in all their diversity, regardless of an imagined compression of time and space; their use of changing technologies, or participation in enlarged social networks.

Christensen, N. B. and S. Forrest (2003). Selfgovernment and Information Technology in Nunavik. Arctic Economic Development and Self-Government. G. Duhaime and N. Bernard. GÉTIC, Université Laval

Christensen, N. B. (2004). A Screen of Snow and Recognition Reigned Supreme? Journeys into the Homeland of a Greenlandic Webpage. Going Native on the Net: Indigenous Cyber-Activism and Virtual Diasporas over the World Wide Web (working title). K. Landzelius, Routledge

Colby, B. N. (1985). Toward an Encyclopedic Ethnography for Use in 'Intelligent' Computer Programs. New Directions in Cognitive Anthropology. J. Dougherty. Chicago, University of Illinois Press
Colby's article here discusses the possibility of creating "smart/expert" artificially intelligent systems with an ethnographic component, suggesting the largest hurdle would be "natural language" comprehension of multiple linguistic systems. He discusses some of the work with "semi-smart" content analysis software such as the General Inquirer, and how that might lay the basis for more "intelligent" special-purpose content dictionaries and parsing programs that could be created. This edited volume is useful for its other articles, which discuss a whole range of issues in cognitive anthropology, such as taxonomies, schemata, fuzzy sets, and ethnosemantics, which bear on the theoretical basis of content analysis. ----Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Constable, N. (2003). Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and "Mail Order" Marriages.http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9922.html
By the year 2000 more than 350 Internet agencies were plying the email-order marriage trade, and the business of matching up mostly Western men with women from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America had become an example of globalization writ large. This provocative work opens a window onto the complex motivations and experiences of the people behind the stereotypes and misconceptions that have exploded along with the practice of transnational courtship and marriage. Combining extensive Internet ethnography and face-to-face fieldwork, Romance on a Global Stage looks at the intimate realities of Filipinas, Chinese women, and U.S. men corresponding in hopes of finding a suitable marriage partner.

Through the experiences of those engaged in pen pal relationships--their stories of love, romance, migration, and long-distance dating--this book conveys the richness and dignity of women's and men's choices without reducing these correspondents to calculating opportunists or naive romantics. Attentive to the structural, cultural, and personal factors that prompt women and men to seek marriage partners abroad, Romance on a Global Stage questions the dichotomies so frequently drawn between structure and agency, and between global and local levels of analysis.

Cucurella, L. (1999). Antropologâia del ciberespacio. Quito, Ecuador, Abya-Yala

Davis, B. (2003). "An Electronic Portal to Anthropological Knowledge." Anthropology News 44(2): 55

De-Mul, J. (2003). "Digitally Mediated (Dis)embodiment: Plessner's Concept of Excentric Positionality Explained for Cyborgs." Information, Communication and Society 6(2): 247-266
This article aims to demonstrate that the philosophical anthropology of the German philosopher Helmuth Plessner (1892-1985) enables us to gain a better understanding of the experiential presuppositions and implications of information and communication technologies, such as telepresence and virtual reality, than we can obtain through interpretations that start from a dualistic, Cartesian ontology. With the help of Plessner's concept of "excentric positionality", developed in Stages of the Organic and Man (1928), Hans Moravec's utopian claims about the possibility of disembodied existence in cyberspace are criticized and an alternative, more adequate interpretation is presented. It is argued that the corporal "poly-excentric possibility" that is inherent in the human experience of telepresence and virtual reality, radicalizes the existential "homelessness" which characterizes human life.

Dingwall, L. (1999). Archaeology in the age of the internet : CAA 97 : computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology : proceedings of the 25th anniversary conference, University of Birmingham, April 1997. Oxford, Eng., Archaeopress : distributed by Hadrian Books

Dow, J. W. (1999). The Early History of Electronic Communication in Applied Anthropology.http://www.aaanet.org/napa/publications/napa19/three/history.html

Downey, G. L. (1991?). CAD/CAM saves the nation? Toward an anthropology of technology. Center for the Study of Science in Society, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA

Downey, G. L., J. Dumit, et al. (1995). "Cyborg anthropology." Cultural Anthropology 10(2): 264-269

Downey, G. L. and J. Dumit (1998). Cyborgs & Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies
Some of this countrys most imaginative and influential thinkers explore questions such as how science gains authority to direct truth practices, the boundaries between humans and machines, and how science, technology, and medicine contribute to the fashioning of selves. Fieldwork sites include a prenatal sonogram clinic, an inner-city AIDS clinic, a center for brain imaging technology, and a particle physics lab.

Drooker, P. B. (1998). Zoom-in to Madisonville. Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology
An electronic publication that supplements and extents information presented in: The view from Madisonville : protohistoric western Fort Ancient interaction patterns, by Penelope Ballard Drooker. Created in HTML, the text and databases, supplemented by a variety of illustrative matters, can be accessed and navigated on an Internet browser. However, freestanding, cross-plateform search engine is not yet available.

Dubinskas, F. (1988). Making time: Ethnographies of high-technology organizations. Philadelphia, Temple University Press

Edwards, D. B. (1994). "Afghanistan, Ethnography, and the New World Order." Cultural Anthropology 9(3): 345-360

Eriksen, T. H. (2001). Small places, large issues : an introduction to social and cultural anthropology. London ; Sterling, Va., Pluto Press
"Ranging from the Pacific islands to the Arctic north and from small villages to modern nation states, this introduction to social and cultural anthropology reveals the rich global variation in social life and culture. The text also provides an overview of anthropology, focusing on central topics such as kinship, ethnicity, ritual and political systems, offering a wealth of examples that demonstrate the enormous scope of anthropology and the importance of a comparative perspective. Small Places, Large Issues broadens the study to incorporate the anthropology of complex modern societies, thus providing a key text for all students of social and cultural anthropology. This new edition is updated throughout and includes a new chapter on the history of anthropology. It also shows why classic studies of small-scale societies are relevant for the study of complex phenomena such as nationalism, consumption and the Internet."--BOOK JACKET.

Eriksen, T. H. (2003). Globalisation : studies in anthropology. London ; Sterling, Va., Pluto Press
Text shows how focus has shifted from traditional studies of specific sites towards the movements associated with increasing migration and population flows. For undergraduate and graduate students, and useful for practitioners and researchers. Softcover, hardcover available from the publisher. DLC: Anthropology.

Escobar, A. (1994). "Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberculture." Current Anthropology Volume 35, Number 3,.http://www.architech.com/alanna/cyberculture/escobar.html
The study of cyberculture is particularly concerned with the cultural constructions and reconstructions on which the new technologies are based and which they in turn help to shape. The point of departure of this inquiry is the belief that any technology represents a cultural invention, in the sense that it brings forth a world; it emerges out of particular cultural conditions and in turn helps to create new ones. Anthropologists might be particularly well prepared to understand these processes if they were to open up to the idea that science and technology are crucial arenas for the creation of culture in today's world. Some researchers... assert that nature and machines have become important actors in the historical processes that determine technological change. [In cyberculture] are the systems that account for the production of life (body, self, nature), labor (production, the economy), and language (discourse, communication, the speaking subject) being significantly modified?.... The spread of the written word, the preeminence of the machine, the control of time and space, and the biological and biochemical revolutions of the past 100 years produced unprecedented biotechnical arrangements which today find new forms of expression in cybercultural terms. 'Cyberculture' refers specifically to new technologies in two areas: artificial intelligence (particularly computer and information technologies) and biotechnology.... They embody the realization that we increasingly live and make ourselves in techno-biocultural environments structured by novel forms of science and technology. Cyberculture... orients itself towards the constitution of a new order -- which we cannot yet fully conceptualize but my try to understand -- through the transformation of the range of possibilities for communicating, working, and being.

Fagan, B. (2000). "Education is what's left: some thoughts on introductory archaeology." Antiquity 74(283): 190-4

Fair, R. S. (2000). "Becoming the White Man's Indian: an examination of Native American tribal web sites." Plains anthropologist 45(172): 203-13

Farnell, B. H., Joan (1995). "Ethnography Goes Interactive." Anthropology Today 11(5): 7-10

Ferguson, I. (1998). "Sacred Realms and Icons of the Damed: The Ethnography of an Internet-based Child Pornography Ring."http://web.archive.org/web/20010215043246/http://www.trytel.com/~iferguso/

Fletcher, G. (1999). Methodological Madness? You, Me and Virtual Ethnography.http://www.spaceless.com/papers/25.htm
Abstract: This paper commences with the claim that cyberculture is the culture of us. This premise introduces a range of questions, from the definitional issues regarding what 'us', 'culture' or 'cyberculture' may actually be, to consideration of the manner in which these qualities can be meaningfully interpreted. A recurrent theme in this discussion is the utility of considering the boundaries to 'doing' ethnography. Ethnographies necessarily and inevitably present a bounded impression of cultural life. Selecting boundaries for a project, however, that are too narrow may describe a 'sub-culture' and stand as a metonym for a broader range of cultural situations. Similarly too expansive a boundary may only produce descriptions of the most homogenised cultural constructions. While neither approach is 'better' or closer to an imagined 'absolute truth', each, in isolation, represents a 'whole' culture in deeply contrasting ways. It is these concerns and the manner in which ethnographic methodologies are currently being used in anthropology - and other disciplines - for examining the 'virtual' upon which this paper focusses. These attentions arise from my own efforts to solidify and formalise a sustainable methodological approach to research that considers the exchange practices and artefacts found in cyberspace. This paper also reflects my dissatisfaction with the manner in which the received corpus of knowledge found in anthropology and other disciplines is currently being tacitly, rather than critically, discarded in the name of conducting 'virtual ethnography'. I do not, however, argue for a return to a 'bad old days' of methodological imperialism in which only one 'right way' could be condoned or institutionally supported. These concerns are a result of the combined effects of a relatively brief received history of cyberspace and the immediate proximity of the 'gifts' of convenience and communication provided through the presence of cyberspace to those people most likely, and most capable, to critically review its significance - such as academics, graduate students and IT professionals. It is these groups, in a very specific - possibly subcultural - way, that represent the 'us' of cyberculture. Analysing cultural formations that are so 'close' to that of the researcher is a notoriously - in anthropology, at least - fraught task. However, while this factor is clearly a serious influence on any critical discussions of cyberculture, this paper takes a more expansive definition for 'us' to argue that cyberculture represents a cultural milieu that is closely intertwined with the current experiences of globalisation and pervasive commercially motivated technological determinism. This situtation is the cultural and intellectual beneficiary of late modernity and postmodernism. This paper also recognises this 'broader', more vaguely defined cyberculture as 'mainstream' culture and consequently it is only loosely, at best, articulated, and identified with by, its participants.

Forsythe, D. (1992). Artificial intelligence as a cultural system. Paper presented to the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, San Francisco

Forsythe, D. (1993). "Engineering knowledge: The construction of knowledge in artificial intelligence." Social Studies of Science 23(3): 445-77

Forsythe, D. (1996). Representing the user in software design. Paper presented to the workshop of Simulating Knowledge, Cornell University

Forte, M. C. (1999). "From Smoke Ceremonies to Cyberspace: Globalized Indigeneity, Multi-Sited Research and the Internet." Issues in Caribbean Amerindian Studies 1.http://www.centrelink.org/Internet.html

Forte, M. C. (2001). Amerindian@Caribbean: The Modes and Meanings of Electronic Solidarity in the Revival of Carib and Taino Identities. Invited presentation at the “Indigenous Uses of the Internet” Symposium,, Gothenburg University, Sweden

Forte, M. C. (2002). "Another Revolution Missed?: Anthropology of Cyberspace." Anthropology News 43(9): 20-21

Forte, M. C. (2002). "‘We are not Extinct’: The Revival of Carib and Taino Identities, the Internet, and the Transformation of Offline Indigenes into Online ‘N-digenes’." Sincronía: An Electronic Journal of Cultural Studies.http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/CyberIndigen.htm

Forte, M. C. (2002). Partnerships, Co-Constructions, and Network-Building: The Case of Caribbean Amerindian Website Development. Invited presentation at the Seminar on “Research Relationships and Online Relationships” at the Centre for Research into Innovation, Culture and Technology (CRICT), Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

Forte, M. C. (2003). Co-Construction and Field Creation: Website Development as both an Instrument and Relationship in Action Research. Virtual Research Ethics: Issues and Controversies. E. Buchanan. Hershey, PA, Idea Publishing Group,: 222-248

Forte, M. C. (2003). "Caribbean Aboriginals Online: Digitized Culture, Networked Representation." Indigenous Affairs, magazine of the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs 2: 32-37

Forte, M. C. (forthcoming). Amerindian@Caribbean: The Modes and Meanings of 'Electronic Solidarity' in the Revival of Carib and Taino Identities. Going Native on the Net: Indigenous Cyber-Activism and Visual Diasporas over the World Wide Web. K. Landzelius. London, Routledge

Foster, N. (1998). Representations on a Computer Screen: Museums and the Internet, Central States Anthropological Society.http://www.aaanet.org/csas/mtg98/Abstract.htm
Computers and the Internet are changing the definition of museums. In this paper, I explore the phenomenon of museum web sites and look at the implications of this new medium for anthropological understandings of museums, communities and cultural identity. Based on materials gathered from more than a dozen different web sites, serving what museum professionals and computer technicians describe as both "virtual" and "real" museums, I analyze the layout and components of the sites, as well as their display techniques, including object labels and other explanatory text. I propose that "virtual" museums mimic "real" museums in order to construct identities among various communities of internet users. Like "real" museums, "virtual" museums use exhibits and objects to display identity, even in those instances when these exhibits do not "really" exist and the objects are the property of private owners or of "real" museums. I conclude with the question of the role of "virtual" museums in shaping cultural identities and how they shape and are shaped by the "virtual" expectations of museum audiences.

Garfield, G. M. and S. McDonough (1997). Dig that site : exploring archaeology, history, and civilization on the Internet. Englewood, Colo., Libraries Unlimited
"Students can explore the lost culture of Pompeii, prehistoric caves in France, Mayan ruins in Honduras, Andrew Jackson's Hermitage, and other historical sites around the globe - by using the Internet! Organized by continent, this book includes units that enable learners to research other cultures and civilizations by giving them the opportunity to "visit" actual places and peoples from the past. Each unit includes a narrative overview, a list of complete Internet addresses, and a variety of hands-on activities that allow for subject integration across the curriculum. Many of the sites are linked to related sites for further study." "This book taps into the vast resources of telecommunications and promotes group and independent student research and problem solving. Offering educators an exciting way to present geography, history, art, culture, and people of the past, it also engages students in study of times that often seem remote and inaccessible. Grades 3 - 8."--BOOK JACKET.

Gelleri, G. (2001). "What has to do the cyber with anthropology and anthropology with the cyber?" Tabula 4(2): 270-86

Gerba, W. and Duke University. Dept. of Cultural Anthropology. (2000). The next real world : cyberculture, mainstream culture, and the possibility of convergence as seen in advertisements

Giesler, M. and M. Pohlmann (2002). The Anthropology of File-Sharing: Consuming Napster As A Gift.http://ygourven2.online.fr/webcom/markus-giesler/gieslerpohlgift.pdf
This research seeks to inform our understanding of the consumption meanings and communal

Glowczewski, B. (1999). "Negotiations for the making and distribution of a CD-ROM: Yapa ritual art in the Central desert of Australia." Journal des anthropologues 79: 81-97

Gold, G. (2003). "Rediscovering place: experiences of a quadriplegic anthropologist." The Canadian Geographer 47(4): 467 -- 479.http://iris.ingentaselect.com/vl=1060074/cl=56/nw=1/rpsv/~7127/v47n4/s8/p467
Cyberspace is an 'archetypal place'(Lifchez) for disabled fieldworkers enhancing opportunities for fieldwork. This article uses a concept of place similar to that used in French-speaking Louisiana. In this approach, 'place' overcomes barriers of accessibility through extended 'weak' networks and transnational diaspora. In cyberspace, 'invisible' communities are defined only by text and narrative. Yet the boundaries of cyberspace communities are culturally constructed or imagined differences. In this way, fieldwork is independent of a physical definition of place. For example, research with MSN-L, allows daily fieldwork with an international community, without personal relocation. In this way, cyberspace fieldwork became my first link to disability studies where the stigma of the disabled as 'damaged' persons becomes my own.
Abstract(French): L'espace virtuel est une «place archétypale»(Lifchez) pour travailleurs sociaux mis hors fonction qui rehaussent des occasions pour recherche. Cet article utilise un concept de place semblable à cela utilisé en Louisiane Francophone. Dans cette approche, «place» vainc des barrières d'accessibilitéà travers étendu «faible» réseaux et diaspora transnationale. Dans espace virtuel, «invisible» les communautés sont définies seulement par texte et narration. Encore les limites de communautés d'espace virtuel sont construites culturellement ou ont imaginé des différences. Dans ce chemin, la recherche est indépendante d'une définition physique de place. Par exemple, faites des recherches avec MSN-L, autorise recherche journalière avec une communauté internationale, sans déménagement personnel. Dans ce chemin, la recherche d'espace virtuel est devenue mon premier lien à InvaliditéÉtudie où le stigmate des handicapés comme «endommagé» personnes, devient mon propre.

Gonzalez, P. (1996). "Anthropological Research and Collaborative Computing." Social Science Computer Review 14(1)

Green, J. W. (1998). Public Models for Private Experiences of Grief in American Popular Culture, Central States Anthropological Society
Since Kubler-Ross moved death and its aftermath from the clinic into popular consciousness, there has emerged a sprawling human services industry devoted to "grief management" and "grief work" for the relief of the bereaved. The players in this industry are diverse and only occasionally connected with one another--academic and clinical researchers; social service personnel and volunteers; self-help books, programs and workshops; internet chat groups; and a variety of media commentators. This paper examines several examples of this proliferating grief discourse. My interest is in how grief is constructed in the post-Kubler-Ross era; who promotes the new models of grief; and what recommendations for the afflicted they put forward. I suggest that in the absence of explicit rituals for mourning the death of another, the project of grief in contemporary popular culture is repair and reconstruction of the self. This emphasis on self, rather than the fate of the recently deceased, reflects the decline of hegemonic religious ideologies in American culture in this century. It can be understood as well as a manifestation of what Anthony Giddens has called the "pure relationship," a distinctive feature of personhood that is peculiar to the conditions of late modernity.

Hakken, D. Distance Learning: The View from an Academic Profession. An Academic Paper for the 8th Annual SUNY Conference on Instructional Technologies.http://people.sunyit.edu/~hakken/dislearn.html
Among the stakeholders with a substantial interest in the debate over distance learning in higher education are academic professions and their professional associations. Important in the education of professional teaching and research staff, Academic professions also work to maintain quality in the production of knowledge, despite their low level of influence on labor markets. The widening use of advanced information technology (AIT) for distance learning (DLing) could be a substantial opportunity for academic professions to project their influence further, but it also raises significant concerns for existing academic procedures and standards. The even broader array of electronic communications media, including electronic publishing and new forms of knowledge networking of which DLing is a part, constitutes a substantial challenge to the way academic professions operate. To meet this challenge, the American Anthropological Association has formed an Advisory Group on Electronic Communication, of which I am a member. This group has identified DLing as one item of several with regard to which it wishes to help the AAA develop policy. In this paper, I describe what I have learned about distance learning and outline expected recommendations regarding Association policy. This discussion is informed by my own experience integrating asynchronous computer-mediated communication into my teaching and by twenty years of research and consulting on the social and cultural correlates of AIT. Supported by the National Science Foundation and the Norwegian Fulbright Commission, this research has been carried out in Scandinavia, Britain, and the US, as well as in cyberspace.

Hakken, D. (1990). "Has there been a computer revolution?" Journal of Computing and Society 1(1): 13-30

Hakken, D. (1991). "Culture-centered computing: Social policy and development of new information technology in England and the United States." Human Organization 50(4): 406-3

Hakken, D. (1993). "Computing and social change: New technology and workplace transformation, 1980-1990." Annual review of anthropology 22: 107-2

Hakken, D. (1993). "International information infrastructure: Social and policy considerations." Telektronikk 89(4): 106-9

Hakken, D. and B. Andrews (1993). Computing myths, class realities: An ethnography of technology and working people in Sheffield, England. Boulder, CO, Westview Press

Hakken, D. (1994). The cultural construction of computing in the Nordic countries: Results from the Nordic national computing project. Paper presented at the annual meeting, European Association for Studies in Science and Technology, Budapest, Hungary

Hakken, D. (1997). Technology, democracy, and work: State-mandated worker involvement in decisions regarding advanced information technology in the US, Britain, and the Nordic Countries. Technology and democracy: User involvement in information technology. D. Hakken and K. Haukalid. Oslo, Center for Technology and Culture. 26: 9-30

Hakken, D. (1998). Advanced Information Technology and Social Change:The Worksite Connection. Consortium of Social Science Associations Congressional Breakfast Presentation.http://people.sunyit.edu/~hakken/congbrkf.html

Hakken, D. (1998). FROM WORKPLACE TO WORKSPACE: ADVANCED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF WORK ETHICS. Paper Presented to the 14th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences,, Williamsburg, VA.http://people.sunyit.edu/~hakken/ethics.html

Hakken, D. (1999). Cyborgs @ Cyberspace?: An Ethnographer Looks to the Future. New York, Routledge.http://people.sunyit.edu/~hakken/intro.html

Hakken, D. (1999). "Cap a una antropologia del ciberspai." Revista d'etnologia de Catalunya 14: 18-45

Hakken, D. (2003). The Knowledge Landscapes of Cyberspace. New York, Routledge

Hakken, D. (n.d.). Commentary: Should the AAA Intervene in the Cultural Construction of Cyberspace?http://sts.sunyit.edu/anthropology/index.html

Hart, K. (2001). "Money in an unequal world." Anthropological theory 1(3): 307-30

Harvey, K. (1996). "On-Line for the Ancestors." Social Science Computer Review 14(1): 65-68

Hemmings, A. (2001). Review of Multicultural Education and the Internet: Intersections and Integration. Paul C. Gorski. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001. 161 pp, Anthropology and Education Quarterly (32:2).http://www.aaanet.org/cae/aeq/br/gorski.htm

Hendriks-Jansen, H. and NetLibrary Inc. (1996). Catching ourselves in the act situated activity, interactive emergence, evolution, and human thought. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press: xii, 367

Hesse-Biber, S. D., Paul R.; Kinder, T. Scott (1997). "Anthropology: New Developments in Video Ethnography and Visual Sociology--Analyzing Multimedia Data Qualitatively." Social Science Computer Review 15(1): 5-12

Houtman, G. (1996). "Interview with Michael Fischer on computing and anthropology." Anthropology Today 11(2): 5-8

Houtman, G. and D. Zeitlyn (1996). "Anthropology and information technology." Anthropology Today
http://rai.anthropology.org.uk/pubs/at/editorial/zhoutman.html

Howard, A. (1988). "Hypermedia and the future of ethnography." Cultural Anthropology 3: 304-15

Ito, M. (1993). "Living Fictions: Extensions of Cybernetic Presence." Intercommunication 6: 118-123

Ito, M. (1994). Cyborg Couplings in a Multi-User Dungeon. Paper presented at the 1994 meetings of the Society for the Social Studies of Science, New Orleans.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S94.pdf

Ito, M. (1994). Cybernetic Fantasies: Extensions of Selfhood in a Multi-User Dungeon. Paper presented at the 1994 meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Atlanta.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.AAA.94.pdf

Ito, M. (1996). "Theory, Method, and Design in Anthropologies of the Internet." Social Science Computer Review 14(1): 24

Ito, M. (1996). Uses and Subversions of SimCity 2000. Paper presented at the 1996 meetings of the Society for the Social Studies of Science, Bielefeld, Germany.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S96.pdf

Ito, M. (1996). Proliferating Presences: Ethnographic Subjectivity in a Distributed Educational Research Consortium. Paper presented at the 1996 meetings of the American Anthropological Association, San Francisco.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.AAA96.pdf

Ito, M. (1997). Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon. Internet Culture. D. Porter. New York & London, Routledge: 87-110

Ito, M., E. Mynatt, et al. (1997). "Network Communities: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed..." Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing 6: 1-35

Ito, M. (1997). Kids and Simulation Games: Subject Formation through Human-Machine Interaction. Paper presented at the 1997 meetings of the Society for the Social Studies of Science, Tucson.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S97.pdf

Ito, M., E. Mynatt, et al. (1997). Design for Network Communities. Proceedings for the 1997 Annual Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p210-mynatt/p2%20%0A10-mynatt.pdf

Ito, M. (1998). Interactive Media for Play: Kids, Computer Games, and the Productions of Everyday Life. School of Education, Stanford University

Ito, M. (1998). Inhabiting Multiple Worlds: Making Sense of SimCity 2000TM in the Fifth Dimension. Cyborg Babies. R. Davis-Floyd and J. Dumit. New York, Routledge

Ito, M., E. Mynatt, et al. (1999). Cemeteries, Oak Trees, and Black and White Cows: Newcomers' Understandings of the Networked World. Proceedings of the Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Conference.http://sll.stanford.edu/CSCL99/

Ito, M., E. Mynatt, et al. (1999). The Network Communites of SeniorNet. ECSCW.http://www.cc.gatech.edu/fce/ecl/projects/mynatt/SN/ecscw-final.pdf

Ito, M. (1999). Network Localities. Paper presented at the 1999 meetings of the Society for the Social Studies of Science, San Diego.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/locality.pdf

Ito, M. (1999). Children's Software, Media Fetishism, and the Special Effect. Paper presented at the 1999 meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.AAA99.pdf

Ito, M. (2001). The Media Mix: Multiple Embodiments of Japanimation Characters. Society for the Social Studies of Science meetings, Boston.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S2001.yugi.pdf

Ito, M. (2001). Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-placement of Social Contact. Society for the Social Studies of Science meetings, Boston.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.4S2002.mobile.pdf

Ito, M., V. O'Day, et al. (2001). "Making a Place for Seniors On the Net: SeniorNet, Senior Identity, and the Digital Divide." Computers and Society 31(3): 15-21

Ito, M. (2002). Engineering Play: Children's Software and the Productions of Everyday Life. Department of Anthropology, Stanford University.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.diss.pdf

Ito, M. (2002). Hypersociality, Otaku, and the Digital Media Mix. Society for the Social Studies of Science Meetings, New Orleans

Ito, M. (2002). Japanimation, Media Mixing, and Hypersociality. Invited Talk for the Michigan State University Asian Studies Center's Japanese Animation Film and Lecture Series

Ito, M. (2002). Play in an Age of Digital Media: Children's Engagements with the Japanimation Media Mix. Abe Symposium Sponsored by the Abe Fellowship Program., Tokyo.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/Ito.mediamix.pdf

Ito, M. and D. Okabe (2003). Technosocial Situations:Emergent Structurings of Mobile Email Use.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/mobileemail.pdf

Ito, M. (2003). Intertextual Enterprises: Writing Alternative Places and Meanings in the Media Mixed Networks of Yugioh.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/ito.intertextual.pdf
This paper was first presented at the 2002 meetings of the American Anthropological Association and this extended version is slated to appear in a related anthology on "Outer Spaces," edited by Debborah Battaglia.

Ito, M. (2003). Mobile Phones, Japanese Youth, and the Re-Placement of Social Contact.http://www.itofisher.com/PEOPLE/mito/mobileyouth.pdf
This paper will be presented at the conference Front Stage - Back Stage: Mobile Communication and the Renegotiation of the Social Sphere in Grimstad, Norway, June 22-24.

Ito, M. and D. Okabe (2003). Camera Phones Changing the Definition of Picture-Worthy.http://www.ojr.org/japan/wireless/1062208524.php
An article with Daisuke Okabe on camera phone usage in Japan for Japan Media Review.

Ito, M. (2003). Mobiles and the Appropriation of Place.http://www.receiver.vodafone.com/08/articles/index07.html
An article for Vodafone's Receiver magazine on mobile phones and place.

Ito, M. (2003). "A New Set of Social Rules for a Newly Wireless Society."http://www.ojr.org/japan/wireless/1043770650.php
An article in the premier issue of The Japan Media Review

Ito, M. (2004). "Technologies of the Childhood Imagination:Media Mixes, Hypersociality, and Recombinant Cultural Form." Items and Issues 4(4): 31-34.http://www.ssrc.org/programs/publications_editors/publications/items/online4-4/ito-childhood.pdf

Jackson, S. (2000). "Software for Ethnography." Anthropology News 41(9): 27

Jacobson, D. (1996). "Contexts and Cues in Cyberspace: The Pragmatics of Naming in Text-Based Virtual Realities." Journal of Anthropological Research 54(4): 461-479.http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~jacobson/Contexts_and_Cues.html

Jacobson, D. and C. A. Ziegler (1998). "Insider and Outsider Perspectives in the Anthropology of Science: A Cautionary Tale." Perspectives on Science 6(4): 361-380.http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_on_science/v006/6.4jacobson.html

Jacobson, D. (1999). "Impression Formation in Cyberspace: Online Expectations and Offline Experiences in Text-Based Virtual Communities." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 5(1).http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/jacobson.html

Jacobson, D. (1999). "Doing Research in Cyberspace." Field Methods 11(2): 127-145.http://www.unet.brandeis.edu/~jacobson/Doing_Research.html

Jacobson, D. (2001). "Presence Revisited: Imagination, Competence, and Activity in Text-Based Virtual Worlds." CyberPsychology & Behavior 4(6): 653-673.

Jacobson, D. (2002). "On Theorizing Presence." Journal of Virtual Environments 6(1).http://www.brandeis.edu/pubs/jove/HTML/V6/presence.html

James, A. and J. Booth (1999). "Anthropology meets photography on the internet." Anthropology in action 6(1): 2-8
Research Projects.

James, A. and J. Booth (2000). "Anthropology meets photography on the internet." iNtergraph: journal of dialogic anthropology 1(1).http://web.archive.org/web/20030423233317/www.intergraphjournal.com/enhanced/articles/article2/photoframes.htm

Joans, B. (1992). “Outlaws and vigilantes in cyberspace. Paper presented to the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, San Francisco

Kirk, R. C. (1981). "Microcomputers in anthropological research." Sociological Methods and Social Research 9: 473
Kirk's article attempts to warn of the "risks" (rural telephone operators seem to be a big one) involved in using computers in the field, but then goes on to argue what he sees as the many advantages. Of particular interest is the section where Kirk discusses how he and his research team used microcomputers to retrieve and manipulate data about pesticides and farmworker health in a qualitative form. He suggests that working with the data in ways other than the "traditional quantitative" ones makes it more readable and displayable for the researchers.--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kolcaba, R. (2000). "Loss of the World: A Philosophical Dialogue (1)."
Humanity has begun to move from the natural world into the cyber world. Issues surrounding this mental migration are debated in philosophical dialogue. The lead character is Becket Geist, a romantic philosopher with views tempered by 20th century science. He opens with a monologue in which he argues that 'loss of the world' in exchange for the cyber world is dark and inevitable. His chief adversary is Fortran McCyborg, a cyborg with leanings toward Scottish philosophy. The moderating force is Nonette Naturski who champions naturalism, conservation of humanist ideals, and prudent conclusions. The ensuing dialogue examines eight counterarguments to Geist's vision. The arguments and Geist's replies lead to unanticipated changes in position that cascade to a chilling close.

Koons, A. and K. Novak (1992). The ethnography of a computer workplace in Cameroon. Computer applications for anthropologists. M. Boone and J. Wood. Belmot, CA, Wadsworth Publishing Co.: 27-48

Kottak, C. P. (1997). Anthropology : the exploration of human diversity. New York, McGraw-Hill

Kremser, M. (1999). "CyberAnthropology und die neuen Raume des Wissens." Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft 129: 275-90

Lange, P. G. (2003). "Virtual trouble: Negotiating access in online communities."
Despite predictions that the Internet would become an egalitarian forum for the free exchange of ideas, social inequities are being observed. Members of online groups recognize social cues such as hierarchical ways of communicating. Yet, how do some online participants attain high status online, while others do not? Comparing two transnational, online communities, this study hypothesizes that people who demonstrate agreement with dominant forms of U.S. technical culture have greatest access to conversational rights and privileges. By combining ethnographic theories with micro-analyses of conversation, this study will address vital anthropological and socio-linguistic questions including: (1)&nbsp;How are social relationships reproduced in discourse? (2)&nbsp;How is status performed and negotiated? (3)&nbsp;How do people construct identity amid societal forces, such as the pace of technological change, in late modernity? (4)&nbsp;What socio-linguistic mechanisms do participants use to perform and negotiate identities within groups that have no real &ldquo;center,&rdquo; such as the vaguely labeled, &ldquo;technologists&rdquo;? (5)&nbsp;What local conversational and social contexts may affect the course of an identity performance and a participant's successful ratification as a member of a particular technical &ldquo;group?&rdquo; and (6)&nbsp;Do our ideas about language change when we study how media influences communication? This study will contribute to anthropological theories that investigate how groups create social mechanisms to construct a sense of self vis-a-vis their interlocutors. The dissertation will demonstrate that previous studies that asserted that the &ldquo;anonymous&rdquo; nature of the computer leads to acrimonious interaction are flawed since online groups often discourage anonymity. Rather, the study asserts that antagonistic argument stems from participants' desire to reduce anonymity and establish a sense of &ldquo;imagined communities&rdquo; of technical prestige groups. The dissertation also contributes to the field of the anthropology of science by showing how performances of the self and a wish to maximize social status affect discussions and understanding of technical processes. Finally, the study also explores and analyzes how socio-linguistic

Laughlin, C. D. (1997). "The Evolution of Cyborg Consciousness." Anthropology of Consciousness 8(4): 144

LeValley, J. (1997). "Doing It in Cyberspace: Cultural Sensitivity in Applied Anthropology." Anthropology of Consciousness 8(4): 113

Lincoln, Y. (1992). Virtual community and invisible colleges: Alternation in faculty scholarly networks and professional self-image. Paper presented at the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, San Francisco

Lysloff, R. T. A. (2003). "Musicial Community on the Internet: An On-line Ethnography." Cultural Anthropology 18(2): 233-263

Marcus, G. E. (1999). Critical anthropology now : unexpected contexts, shifting constituencies, changing agendas. Santa Fe, N.M., School of American Research Press
"The 1980s saw a remarkable infusion of provocative new styles of critical thought in US academia. In anthropology, the classic Writing Culture deeply challenged basic assumptions about the nature of representation, of description, and of subjectivity and objectivity. One of Writing Culture's enduring legacies is the changing nature of anthropological research practice itself, vividly represented in this volume." "Critical Anthropology Now offers ten innovative ethnographic projects that demonstrate how new and more complex locations of research - from the boardrooms of multinational corporations to the chat rooms of the Internet - are giving rise to shifts in the character of both fieldwork and fieldworker."--BOOK JACKET.

Marshall, J. (2000). "Book Review: Daniel Miller and Don Slater, The Internet: An Ethnographic Approach." The Australian Journal of Anthropology 14(3): 432-434

Marshall, J. (2001). "Cyber-space, or cyber-topos: the creation of online space." Social analysis 45(1): 81-102

Marshall, J. (2003). "The sexual life of cyber-savants." The Australian Journal of Anthropology 14(2): 229-249

McCarty, C. P., Aaron (1983). "Topical sorting: A technique for computer assisted qualitative analysis." American Anthropologist 85(4): 886-890
McCarty and Podolefsky try to discuss what they see as the limitations of "traditional" management and analysis of fieldnotes, and then attempt to convince the reader about all the advantages of using text-editing programs "that are widely available for personal computers" to store, retrieve, edit, and sort coded fieldnotes in paragraph form. Claiming that the computer helped them deal with 10,000 pages of typed fieldnotes, they once again emphasize the point that the computer is most efficient at managing data from "large-scale" projects.--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Michaelson, K. (1995). Community networks and the interplay of space and place in cyberspace. Paper presented to the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC

Miller, D. and D. Slater (2003). Ethnography and the Extreme Internet. London; Sterling, Virginia, Pluto Press

Milne, J. (2004). "The Technology Adoption Cycle in Weblogs."
"The outcome of this study is a redefinition of technological innovation. The study shows that the tools and techniques that come to be known as a technology follow the creation and adoption of the practices they contain. If technology is not just artifacts and production processes, but also the contexts of the use of that object, and the practices engaged in by people using it, then the complex of emergent meanings that describe and explain it precede the technology itself. Paradoxically, the practices come to exist, and then the tools are developed to accomplish them. This redefinition of technological innovation is meant to refute the notion that technology ?causes? social change. More correctly, social practices change, and technology shifts accordingly."

Mizrach, S. CyberAnthropology.http://www.lastplace.com/page206.htm

Mizrach, S. Lost in Cyberspace: A Cultural Geography of Cyberspace.http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/lost-in-cyberspace.html
People working in the anthropology of space and cultural geography have "fertile territory" to survey in cyberspace. Unlike so many other landscapes, this is one which is being built right before their eyes. Observing how people perceive, locate themselves, find meaning, and identify themselves in cyberspace, may help us understand the analogous processes of how this occurs in 'realspace.' However, cyberspace provides more than a testing ground for existing hypotheses about how social-cultural relations emerge in space. It is a new kind of space that is emerging, and will force the rethinking of old assumptions about place and space.

Mizrach, S. (1998). Do electronic mass media (especially television) have an adverse impact on Native Americans in the United States?http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/media-effects-indians.html

Mizrach, S. (1998). NATIVES ON THE ELECTRONIC FRONTIER: Television and Acculturation on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation.http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/natives-frontiers.html

Mizrach, S. (1999). Natives on the Electronic Frontier: Technology and Cultural Change on the Cheyenne River Sioux Reservation. Anthropology, University of Florida: 426.http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/1999/amj9745/mizrach.pdf
This dissertation examines the relationship between
technology and cultural change on the Cheyenne River Sioux
Reservation in South Dakota, home to 7000 Lakota Indians.
Recently, a number of popular authors have suggested that
technology, especially electronic or 'emerging' media
technologies such as television and the Internet, is a
primary causative force for acculturation among indigenous
people. This study challenges the role often assigned to
technology in the process of acculturation, and shows the
ways in which media technology may be promoting the opposite
phenomenon, cultural revitalization, among indigenous groups.
It also offers a vision for the role of applied anthropology
among Native Americans in the future.

Molicnik, V. (1999). "A guide for internet sources Èin anthropology, ethnography, ethnology and folklore studies." Glasnik slovenskega etnoloskega Drustva 39(2): 43-7
Slovenia.

Morton, H. (2001). "Computer-mediated communication in Australian anthropology and sociology." Social analysis 45(1): 3-11

Nardi, B. A. (1996). "Cyberspace, Anthropological Theory, and the Training of Anthropologists." Social Science Computer Review 14(1): 34-35

Nelson, D. M. (1996). "Maya Hackers and the Cyberspatialized Nation-State: Modernity, Ethnostalgia, and a Lizard Queen in Guatemala." Cultural Anthropology 11(3): 287-308.http://ca-www.aas.duke.edu/pdfs/nelson5.pdf

Nichols, D. L. (2000). "Buying and Selling the Past on www.com." Anthropology News 41(6): 33

Nyce, J. and H. Stahlke (1996). "Belief, community, and technology on the internet." Practicing Anthropology 18(2): 33-35

Ogburn, J. L. (1997). "On Anthropology and the Internet." Current Anthropology 38(2): 286-287

Panagakos, A. (2003). "Anthropology for the Cyber Masses." Anthropology News 44(9)

Pfaffenberger, B. (1988). "The social meaning of the personal computer: Or, why the personal computer revolution was no revolution." Anthropological Quarterly 61(1): 39-47

Pfaffenberger, B. (1990). Democratizing Information: Online Data-bases and the Rise of End-User Searching. Boston, G.K. Hall

Piault, C. (1965). A methodological investigation of content analysis using electronic computers for data processing. The Use of Computers in Anthropology. D. D. Hymes. The Hague, Mouton Publishing
Piault discuss the ways in which the "newer" electronic computers can be utilized for content analysis research, so as to help researchers overcome some "old" technical problems. Researchers are counseled to consider how computers can alter some of the steps in designing their analyses. This book is valuable for its challenging the computerphobia of anthropologists in an early epoch, but the article in particular contains nothing of unusual interest.--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pink, S. K., László; Afonso, Ana Isabel (2002). "The Visual and Virtual in Contemporary European Learning Contexts." Anthropology in action 9(2): 2-5

Podolevsky, A. (1987). "New tools for old jobs: computers in the analysis of fieldnotes." Anthropology Today 3(5): 14-15

Porter, N. (2003). "Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study."
Abstract: Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa, has been described in many ways. It has been called qigong, one of many schools of physical exercises that aim at improving health and developing “supernatural abilities.” Scholars and mainstream media have referred it to as a “spiritual movement” or religion, although practitioners claim it is not a religion. It has been called a cult, in the pejorative sense rather than in a sociological context, by the Chinese government and by some Western critics. In the writings of Li Hongzhi, the founder of Falun Gong, it is referred to in different ways, though primarily as a “cultivation practice.”

Read, D. (1991). Making visible the invisible: Computer modeling of hidden structure. Paper presented to the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, Chicago

Redding, T. (1998). "Integrating the Internet into Applied Anthropology."
Abstract: The Internet represents a powerful new communication medium. In its present, early genesis, the medium already is being used in a variety of ways, including entertainment, research and communication applications by a range of corporations, institutions, agencies and individuals. In this thesis I investigate the use of the Internet as a communication medium in applied anthropology. I report on and analyze information from three primary sources: from a review ofthe scholarly literature on the subject; from two internships, which I use as case studies; and from a review of the Internet itself, primarily through the World Wide Web. The analysis is presented from the perspective of how these various sources of information can assist in guiding applied anthropologists in using the Internet as a communication medium effectively, ethically and efficiently. The first chapter outlines my justifications within applied anthropology for my topic selection. The second chapter presents relevant literature from scholarly journals as well as information from the Internet itself. This review offers a range of information covering several scholarly fields, reflecting the multi-disciplinary nature of applied anthropology applications of use. In the third chapter, two internships serve to add insights and information as to how applied anthropologists can use the Internet as an adjunct to their efforts. The fourth and final chapter provides further analysis, recommendations and conclusions, pulling together the diverse sources of information into a set of practical guidelines for the use of the Internet in applied and practicing anthropological endeavors. This chapter concludes with how this information contributes to applied anthropology and thus to a broader social context.

Redding, T. (1999). Applied Anthropology on the Internet: Communication and Innovation.http://www.aaanet.org/napa/publications/napa19/one/theory.html

Redding, T. (1999). Applied Anthropology on the Internet: NAPA Bulletin #19.http://www.aaanet.org/napa/publications/napa19/19napdex.html

Renaud, I. (1997). Cogitation virtuelle: débats et enjeux sociaux sur Internet, Department of Anthropology of the University of Laval Canada.http://www.ant.ulaval.ca/mir/cogitation.html
Abstract: Article about the social influence of the net, and especially about the cultural changes the Internet has on the society of Quebeque.

Sapir, D. (1991). Shareware and computer utilities for dictionary development. Paper presented to the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.

Sardar, Z. and J. R. Ravetz (1996). Cyberfutures : culture and politics on the information superhighway. New York, New York University Press

Saunders, T. M. (1998). "Play, performance and professional wrestling: An examination of a modern day spectacle of absurdity."
This dissertation examines theories of play and performance in contemporary society, using American-style professional wrestling as the frame. How does wrestling fit into folklore research? How did professional wrestling develop into a multi-million dollar industry from a simple contest of strength? Why do people worldwide spend leisure hours attending live performances, and watching televised productions of American professional wrestling? Performance is analyzed using theories from carnival, spectacle and other performative events, by observing and interviewing wrestlers and other performers within the genre. Play is analyzed from the standpoint of audience members, using face-to-face interviews, internet queries, and personal observation all within the context of current theoretical models. Theoretical models include the fields of folklore, theater and anthropology. Analysis of the issues and recurring themes present in this entertainment medium are examined to determine why audiences derive such pleasure from wrestling when other entertainment media are available today. As a performance genre, wrestling is rooted in folkloric activities such as ritual competition, cyclic celebrations, medieval carnival and festival. Large-scale spectacle such as circus and pageant also have become part of the performance. Characterizations are drawn from religious belief, folk characters, historical, political and social issues as well as popular heroes and villains. Far from being passive consumers, wrestling fans are highly involved audience members. Various reasons for being fan include the idea of a family activity, nostalgia, anticipation of violence and outcomes that are just and satisfying. Research also reveals the role of developing technology as it relates to the subject. The role of broadcast television, cable, and the internet are all discussed and analyzed in relation to production, performance and play.

Schwimmer, B. (1996). "Anthropology on the Internet: A Review and Evaluation of Networked Resources." Current Anthropology 37(3): 561-568

Schwimmer, B. (1997). Hypertext structures and ethnographic comparison as implemented in "Kinship and social organisation: an interactive tutorial'.http://www.umanitoba.ca/anthropology/tutor/aaa-presentation.html

Schwimmer, B. (1998). Rationale and Romance in the Anthropology of Cyberspace: Presented at the CASCA/AES Annual Conference University of Toronto May 7-10 1998.http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/cyberanthropology/paper.html
In the course of investigating "virtual" communities, researchers focused on the Internet tend to ignore a wider body of literature on community studies that goes back to Redfield's research and theorization on Mexican peasantries. This narrow perspective may very well bring us to revisit all the mistakes and controversies that have already been constructed and deconstructed over past generations. In this paper I discuss the problems of isolating, defining, and explaining "real" communities and the implications for conceptualizing and investigating emerging forms and manifestations.

Serra, A. (1992). Changes in the academic culture: The computer university. Paper presented at the annual meeting, American Anthropological Association, San Francisco

Shaw, C. (1998). Breaching barriers from the Iron Curtain to the electronic fence, http://www.sosig.ac.uk/iriss/papers/proceed.html
The International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) has been in existence since the early 1950s, producing annual classified print bibliographies in the four disciplines of anthropology, economics, political science and sociology. It is now also available in electronic form: data from 1981 to the present day appears as a quarterly CD-ROM called IBSS Extra, published by SilverPlatter ; IBSS Online , a BIDS service, provides access to data from 1951 to the present day and is free of charge to all members of HEFC funded UK institutions of higher education and ESRC recognised independent research institutes. IBSS Online is jointly funded by the British Library of Political and Economic Science , the Economic and Social Research Council , and the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils.

Shostak, A. B. (2003). Viable utopian ideas : shaping a better world. Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe

Simpson, B. (2002). "Ethics on the web: a brief guide to resources." Anthropology in action 9(3): 49-53

Sorenson, J. M., Atsuko (2001). "Phantom wars and cyberwars: Abyssinian fundamentalism and catastrophe in Eritrea." Dialectical anthropology 26(1): 37-63

Spitulnik, D. (1993). "Anthropology and Mass Media." Annual Review of Anthropology.: 293-315
[… The] relations between mass media, society, and culture have been a

Sproull, L. S. S., Robert F. (1982). "Managing and analyzing behavioral records: explorations in non-numeric data analysis." Human Organization 41: 283
While Sproull and Sproull attempt to argue that their method of "computer-assisted ethnography" is different from content analysis and "protocol analysis," the technique they describe herein is nonetheless quite similar. Basically, it involves "non-numeric" analysis of "behavioral records," which they define as "coded" texts derived from observations, interviews, and self-reports. Their "custom-designed frequency program" for "tallying the occurrence of each label or tag and printing the resulting frequencies" sounds to me like a content-analysis software package.--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stanlaw, J. and M. Peterson (2003). "To Be (Online) or Not to be (Online)...Is THAT the Question?" Anthropology News 44(4): 50-51

Stone, G. D. (1997). "Animated images: a new tool for web-based anthropology." CAM: cultural anthropology methods 9(1): 15-16

Stone, G. D. (1998). "Anthropology: Implications for Form and
Content of Web-Based Scholarship." Social Science Computer Review 16(1): 4-15

Syllabus Press. (1995). Syllabus '95. Sunnyvale, CA, Syllabus Press

Tapper, R. (2000). "Anthropology and (the) crisis." Anthropology today 17(6): 13-16

Taylor, D. A. (2001). "Ancient teachings, modern lessons." Environ Health Perspect 109(5): A208-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11401777

Thompson, K. C. (2001). "Watching the stormfront: White nationalists and the building of community in Cyberspace." Social Analysis 45(1): 32-52
In special issue 'Computer-mediated communication in Australian anthropology and sociology'.

Thorn, R. (1995). Anthropology and cybernetics. Report on Teaching & Learning social anthropology in the United Kingdom. London, Social Anthropology & Learning Network: 109-118

Tindall, D. B. (2002). "Social Networks, Identification and Participation in an Environmental Movement: Low-medium Cost Activism within the British Columbia Wilderness Preservation Movement." The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 39(4): 413-52
#9

Towse, R. (2003). A handbook of cultural economics. Northhampton, MA, Edward Elgar Pub.

Trawick, M. (2001). "Cyberkids in metropolitan America." International journal of anthropology 16(2/3): 211-24

Trias i. Valls, M. A. (2002). "Online teaching: the role of visual media in the delivery of anthropology online." Anthropology in action 9(2): 43-51

Varisco, Daniel Martin (2000) Slamming Islam: Participant Webservation with a Web of Meanings to Boot. http://www.aaanet.org/mes/lectvar1.htm

Varisco, Daniel Martin (2002) September 11: Participant Webservation of the "War on Terrorism". American Anthropologist 104(3):934-938.

Weinberg, D. (1974). "Computers as a research tool." Human Organization 33: 291
While Dr. Weinberg attempts to argue the case that researchers need to emphasize "algorithmic thinking," and mentions how computers aided her in her research on sorting and displaying kinship and migration patterns based on local texts in a rural European village, she fails to discuss what techniques she used, leaving the reader in the dark. Nonetheless, this is an early article, written back in the days before micros when using computers was still a matter governed by batch-processing technician-priests, so she can perhaps be forgiven. She does a good job of arguing for the limitations of quantitative analysis and "traditional" interpretive methods in understand the "rural exodus" from Europe.----Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Werner, O. (1982). "Microcomputers in cultural anthropology: APL programs for qualitative analysis." Byte 7: 250
Werner discusses in this article how he used computers to "pioneer" a study of Navajo ethnomedical knowledge. He goes into detail about how he created three programs in the APL language for creating Navajo key word-in-context (KWIC) files. Unfortunately, APL is somewhat of an arcane programming language, using unusual integer-indexing methods, and those not familiar with it might have a hard time following Werner's data manipulations. And one might wonder as to why he published it in a computer hobbyist magazine rather than a peer-reviewed anthropological journal?--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Werner, O. (1987). Systematic Fieldwork. Newbury Park, Sage Publications
Werner's book is an all-out call for anthropologists to be less haphazard and more methodologically precise with their field research. He attempts to criticize what he feels is the "naive empiricism" of anthropologists for thinking they can just "soak in" all the information that confronts them in the field. He mentions computer-assisted content analysis as one of several important "data techniques" which assure that the data the researcher gathers in the field is valid and testable.--Steve Mizrach, CONTENT ANALYSIS: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

White, D. R. T., Gregory F. (1998). "Anthropology and Computing: The Challenges of the 1990s." Social Science Computer Review 6(4): 481-497

Wilson, S. M. P., Leighton C. (2002). "The anthropology of online communities." Annual review of anthropology 31: 449-467
Internet.

Woll, D. B. (1997). "The Internet, societal learning technologies, and the culture of modernity: A case study in nonmodern adult education theory."
Adult education requires learning theory that is societal, not just individual, in scope. One compelling challenge that requires a societal learning theory is represented by today's growing information and communication networks, which constitute, in fact, new society-wide learning infrastructures. The technical challenge they represent is insignificant in comparison to the challenge at the level of rationality, the challenge of 'technicism.' Adult educators have turned to the work of Jurgen Habermas in search of a critical social theory. His critique of instrumental rationality, his explicit thematizing of social learning, and his attention to communicative action provide a basis for a pragmatic theory of society. In this dissertation I argue that there are compelling reasons to question putting all our theoretical eggs in the Habermasian basket. I criticize Habermas on two major fronts. The first is that his stance towards science and technology is abstract and monistic, dominated by the notion of instrumental rationality. The second is that his theory of rationality perpetuates the divide between Western modernity and other societies and cultures rather than opening up space to recognize and exploit the diverse ways of knowing and learning of global humanity. I propose, instead, a social learning theory for the North American situation grounded in the empirical and philosophical work of sociologist of science Bruno Latour. Latour's work provides the basis for a theory of learning that is critical, pluralistic, and grounded in an empirical anthropology of Western science and technology. The first part of the dissertation, chapters 1-3, define the problem and set forth Latour's views. The second part, chapters 4-6, elaborate the Latourian theory by way of a case example, an analysis of the debate over the Clinton administration's National Information Infrastructure proposal. A nonmodern interpretation of the policy discussion is contrasted with three alternatives: the dominant uncritical modern reading in terms of the information myth, a critical modernist reading based on Habermas, and an example of a postmodern interpretation developed by Sherry Turkle. In the final chapter I suggest the implications for a critical social learning theory.

Wynn, E. (1988). "Use of anthropology in information technology." Central Issues in Anthropology 7(2): 57-78

Wynn, E. (1991). Taking practice seriously. Design at work: Cooperative design of computer systems. J. Greenbaum and M. Kyng. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Earlbaum: 45-64

Yee, D. (1993). sci.anthropology.paleo Charter.http://danny.oz.au/communities/sci.anthropology/Charter.html

Zeitlyn, D. (1998). Anthropology Nine Hundred Years After the Invention of Hypertext, http://www.sosig.ac.uk/iriss/papers/proceed.html
Hypertext is not a new technology. Anthropology is about as old as the commercial use of electricity which has entailed some interesting developments such as telephones (oh and computers). As anthropology celebrates its centennial questions are being asked about how new(ish) technologies may affect its practice. Work currently underway at CSAC is taken to exemplify the challenges that face the discipline. Examples may be found in various Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing (CSAC) projects such as projects such as The Virtual Institute of Mambila Studies http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/dz/ the work undertaken for the HEFCE funded FDTL project 'Experience Rich Anthropology' http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/HEFCE/ and the bibliographic resources such as the Royal Anthropological Institutes Anthropological Index Online http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/AIO.html

Zumsteg, B. (2000). Thinking girls on-line texts, body politics, and tamponed cyborgs. [Vancouver], University of British Columbia